A Days Wait - 1204 Words

A DAY’S WAIT LITERARY ANALYSIS Author: Ernest Hemingway, an American writer. His writing celebrates heroes and explores the nature of courage in this story. In much of his writing he dramatizes the importance of bravery in the face of death and of life’s everyday problems. This story deals with the quiet courage needed to face fear. Looking at Hemingway ´s biography we can find parallels between the story A Day ´s Wait and the author ´s real life. When Hemingway took part in World War I he was wounded twice. When he was in hospital he heard the doctor talk about his health and since he did not know any better he thought he would have to die. His own fear, the behaviour and the feelings in this situation Hemingway expresses through†¦show more content†¦-We should control our emotions and consider others despite our fears. -You shouldnt over worry about silly things because you will soon realize you were a fool to worry over such things. At the end of the story when the boy knows that he will not die he becomes his old self again: he starts to complain about little things that are of no importance just like before he thought he would die. This shows how death lets things appear in a different way, everything that seemed to be important before is not important anymore. - This also is the theme of the story: the innocence of a child. The boy would never talk about his feelings and fear, probably because he does not want other people to worry about him. He might not want to hurt them. Mood: the story is written in more of a matter-of-fact style so it may seem cold and heartless but this style allows the reader to decide what that person is feeling on their own. CHARACTERIZATION: What is a dynamic character? What is a static character? How are they different? In a story, a dynamic character is someone who undergoes an important, internal change because of the action in the plot. Ebenezer Scrooge, from Charles Dickenss A Christmas Carol, is a classic example. When we first meet him, he is mean, bitter, and avaricious. Through his experiences with the three ghosts, he becomes generous, kind, and beloved. A static character is one whose personality doesntShow MoreRelatedA Days Wait1658 Words   |  7 PagesA DAYS WAIT A brief Analysis The fateful misunderstanding Obviously there is an invisible wall between father and his son. They talk about two different things, the father about the disease and the son about his death but they do not know that they misunderstand each other. This fateful misunderstanding appears in different scenes where the father and son talk about it, meaning two different things. One example is when the father asks his son why he does not go to sleep. You don ´t haveRead MoreMisconception In A Days Wait By Ernest Hemingway786 Words   |  4 PagesA misconception is the key theme of Ernest Hemingway’s short story, â€Å"A Day’s Wait†, as a young boy awaits his death and a disconnected father who is completely oblivious to his sons emotions, struggle to communicate. This very realistic short story was written by Hemingway after his son became ill and feared the worst. It supports the idea that a simple misunderstanding can lead to anxiety and concern without reason. Schatz is a regular 9-year-old boy who suddenly becomes ill with influenza, asRead MoreA Day s Wait By Ernest Hemingway1675 Words   |  7 Pagesincorporates the use of the â€Å"iceberg theory,† in which the reader is given very little information and has to search deeper for the hidden meaning behind the text. Many of Hemingway’s works also seem to include themes of heroism or masculinity. In A Day’s Wait, a short story that was actually based on when Hemingway’s first child had a fever (Rettman 477), the narrator is a father whose young son has a fever of one hundred and two degrees. The boy, called Schatz in the story, had heard before from theRead MoreThemes Of The Snows Of Kilimanjaro And The Short Happy Life Of Francis Macomber 1535 Words   |  7 PagesHemingway writes the books based on his experiences and thoughts like men and masculinity from a character to showing his self-confidence or beliefs, death from meaningless of life, fatalistic heroism like the character, Schatz from the book, â€Å"A Day’s Wait† and nature from the leopard’s skeleton in mountain and hunting the buffalo in safari (Africa) in â€Å"The Snows of Kilimanjaro† and â€Å"The Short Happy Life of Francis Macomber† or other books. Hemingway puts the meaningful themes and symbols throughRead MoreThe Theme Of Masculinity In The Short Happy Life Of Ernest Hemingway1689 Words   |  7 PagesHemingway writes the books based on his experiences and thoughts like masculinity from a character to showing his self-confidence, death from alcohol which is showing the self-injury, fatalistic heroism like the character, Schatz from the book, A Day’s Wait and nature from mountain and safari (Africa) in The Snows of Kiliman jaro and The Short Happy Life of Francis Macomber or other books. Hemingway puts the meaningful themes and symbols through his experience and thoughts. There are major importantRead MoreStock Market Essay1601 Words   |  7 Pagesof few hours! Sounded like a perfect plan to me! All I had to do was Buy (Sell) a stock when the prices are Low (High), and Sell (Buy) them when the prices go Up (Down). Book Profits. Done! (But this all must be completed in a single trading day!) Wait. If all this was that easy then why the hell are people working their asses off the entire day? Why not we, our parents, their parents and everybody just sit on different terminals and cash in easy money daily from 9:15am to 3:30pm and then just enjoyRead MoreEssay on Philmont Trek1312 Words   |  6 Pagesfew days. Besides in the campsites, we only saw one other group of people during the entire 12 day trek and the only human sounds were our own. Each camp was an island of civilization in a great sea of wilderness, and a wonderful solace to end the day’s hike. We had been walking a long time today. Waking up at 6:00, we had eaten and broken camp down quickly so we would make it to the next campsite before nightfall. We had begun hiking at 7:00 a.m. and besides hourly five minute breaks, and onlyRead MoreThe Parable Of The Workers Essay1468 Words   |  6 PagesGod, describing what the Kingdom of God will be like. And the grace of God is evident in this. Biblical Author’s Interpretation of the Parable During the time when this was written, there were men who were always looking for work. These men would wait all day, usually around a market place (bible-study.org) in the hopes of nailing a job for the day for a decent wage. These day hire workers were the lowest of the low. (studylight.org) At least servants were somewhat treated like extended family,Read MoreThe Bible Of The United Kingdom Of God1619 Words   |  7 Pagesworkers, which was a day’s pay during this time. This is not implying that the reward for one’s obedience to God is monetary value, but rather this economic symbol reflects God’s grace as recompense. The workers are being hired for the day, just as humankind works day by day to fulfill God’s will while the compensation of God’s kingdom is eternal. Time in this passage is a key detail, as the workers only come for their pay once the landowner calls them. Likewise, we must wait with perseverance untilRead MoreDuck Hunting Essay8 62 Words   |  4 Pagesdecoys. It wasn’t going to take long to bag our limit, and I knew we were going to get the season off to a great start. All we had to do was wait until noon! At approximately 11:51 a.m., I had the gun loaded, in my hand and ready to shoot. All we had to do was wait for the longest nine minutes of our lives. Our patience was wearing thin, but we had to wait for the first shot to be fired before the hunt could officially begin. At exactly 11:54 a.m., we heard the echoing sound of shotguns. Although

Freedom vs. Gun Control Essay - 1673 Words

The right to bear arms has been a part of this country’s constitution since its conception in 1776. Guns we originally a commodity that almost every household had. Firearms were used for hunting and protection. As the modern era came upon us, there became a lesser need to own a firearm because of a controlled police force and a surplus in food. The surplus in food and modern law enforcement, along with rising firearm crimes prompted the government to start reviewing gun laws. Furthermore, over the past century the right to bear a firearm has been restricted by many laws. These laws are instated to help prevent accidental and planned deaths attributed by firearms. The question still stands: can gun-safety laws help prevent accidental and†¦show more content†¦Even with these gun laws instated there is a continuing stream of gun related violence accruing everyday. Events like Columbine have triggered a chain of copycat school shootings around the country. School, which a t one point were looked at as a place of sanguinary, have now been thorn full force into gun violence. Many politicians and people alike believe that we are not being hard enough criminals to deter people from committing these acts of gun violence. â€Å"These young guys today they’ll shoot a whole crowd in broad daylight just to get one dead† (Guns and violence, 30). In the world today there is so much media violence shown on TV, movies, video games, and in the newspaper, it is hard to ex cape from the reality, which we have sounded ourselves by everyday. More and more kids are using violence to solve problems. It has become such an epidemic in our schools, that the government has sent out a booklet on what to look for in kids who commit these crimes. About 350,000 booklets have been sent out to all schools in this nation to tell parents, educators, other students who might be doing the kinds of things that have happened in Jonesboro and in Littleton. There have been many advances in gun control over the years. Recently there has been the uses of gun safety locks that prevent anyone form using the gun by covering the trigger. Also the so-called smart gun, which does not fire unless the ownerShow MoreRelatedThe Constitution And The Declaration Of Independence1712 Words   |  7 Pagesbear arms is what grants people freedom as they are able to defend themselves from any life threatening dangers. However, this amendment has not been exercised correctly in the U.S which makes it one of the most dangerous amendment as well. But, this amendment still plays a crucial role in people s daily lives as they can protect themselves if there is any harm to their lives. Thus, it is important for this amendment to be reinforced even more to where owning guns is actually safe. Stated in anRead MoreThe Bill Of Rights Of The United States1557 Words   |  7 PagesThe Bill of Rights lists certain freedoms and liberties that are guaranteed to the people of the United States of America. Because these rights are in the Constitution, they are federal laws that apply to everyone in America. To ensure there was no question as to who the Bill of Rights applied to, the Fourteenth Amendment was passed in 1868 giving anyone born in, or a citizen of, the United States the rights guaranteed by the Bill of Rights. The amendment left clauses giving some interpretationRead MoreEssay on The Democrats and The Republicans: On The Issues1684 Words   |  7 Pagespolitical parties such as Republicans, on the right, and Democrats, on the left side. These two political parties show philosophical differences through their viewpoints on major topics such as the economy, separation of church and state, abortion, and gun control. Concerning the debate on our economy, republicans generally believe strongly in the power of a free market system, reduced income tax rate, more spending from the people, and less spending from the government. The Republican Party wants theRead MoreThe Issue Of Gun Ownership1502 Words   |  7 Pagesruled against gun bans or regulations as violating the 2nd amendment. In the landmark ruling Heller vs. District of Columbia in 2008, the Supreme Court ruled that a thirty-two year ban on the private ownership of handguns in the District of Columbia was unconstitutional. The Supreme Court decided that the Second Amendment implies that the government cannot enact an outright ban on commonly held weapons or prevent citizens from having a gun at home for lawful uses. The decision D.C. vs. Heller meansRead MoreGun Control Vs. Gun Rights968 Words   |  4 PagesGun Control vs. Gun Rights With conservatives, liberals, and moderates continuously arguing about what is right for this country or what is morally or politically correct, we are forced to find a compromised middle-ground, because it can be the difference between life and death in many unfortunate cases. Conservatives believe that The Second Amendment allows citizens the right to bear arms and protect their individual, inalienable rights. They believe that there are too many gun control laws andRead MoreThe Second Amendment Of The United States1367 Words   |  6 Pageshabitual, therefore, people fear guns and want to enact gun control laws. Recent attacks from terrorist groups spark the question of who should have the right to own guns. Controversies over interpreting the Second Amendment date back to the turn of the twentieth century because so many viewpoints and regulations have accumulated; it is all in the manner of which interpretation citizens subscribe to- loose verses strict interpretation. Due to the controversies, certain gun regulations have been enactedRead MoreGun Control Thesis Statement Essay781 Words   |  4 PagesStatement: Gun control decreases crime. If gun control is regulated, then we will have less crime. Access to firearms makes killing easy, efficient, and impersonal, which increases the lethality of crime. Josh Sugarmann, the Executive Director of the Violence Policy Center has once said, We recoil in horror and search for explanations, but we never face up to the obvious preventive measure: a ban on the handy killing machines that make crimes so easy.†Allowing untrained people to carry guns puts othersRead More1st and 2nd Amendment1723 Words   |  7 Pagesï » ¿ The First and Second Amendments of the United States Constitution On September 25, 1789, The Bill Of Rights was submitted to the states for approval, based on the previous Constitutions insufficient assurances for civil freedom, liberties and justice. Concerned that the Constitution neglected to clearly state the basic civil rights of the citizens of the United States, Anti- Federalists opposed the Articles of Confederations, which gave state governments more authority (â€Å"Bill of Rights, n.dRead MoreHandguns Should Not Be Banned Handguns1677 Words   |  7 Pages Gun violence, especially that as caused by handguns, is a major problem in America. It affects millions of people annually, and the effects it has are irreversible. However, this reality does not constitute for a complete ban on the private ownership of handguns. A ban on the private ownership of handguns should not be enacted on the grounds that the United States government ought to preserve democratic legitimacy and constitutionalism, and a ban is not feasible or just in America ’s politicalRead MoreGun Control Laws Will NOT Reduce Crime Essay1115 Words   |  5 Pages From the beginning of our nation up to today, we as a country have debated some of the most trying topics known to man. One topic that continues to make its way into our everyday lives is the epic â€Å"Gun Rights vs. Gun Control† argument. Opinions on both sides range from moderate to extreme, and some have even attempted extreme measures to get their points across. No matter what side of the argument you fall on, chances are, at some point, you can see the other point of view. It is this that causes

Pride and Prejudice Influences on Society - 1873 Words

As Jane Austen says, â€Å"a lady’s imagination is very rapid; it jumps from admiration to love, from love to matrimony in a moment. I knew you would be wishing me joy† (26). Today, for most people, love comes first in the process of matrimony— followed by the actual marriage. Women living in the 1800s have only wealth in mind when deciding who to marry; which is entirely different from individuals today, who consider various aspects of a person other than material objects. In Jane Austen’s Pride and Prejudice, the archetypes of sisters, ritual and the woods/river, the character analysis of Mr. Darcy and the moral lesson that your initial judgments aren’t always right are some of the multifarious that reveal the underlined meaning of the†¦show more content†¦It was also the first time they were alone. They had begun to realize that they had a more significant feeling for each other than hatred. Within the first few chapters of the story, we were introduced to Mr. Darcy. He was automatically given a negative judgment. Pride†¦is a very common failing, I believe. By all that I have ever read, I am convinced that it is very common indeed, that human nature is particularly prone to it, and that there are very few of us who do not cherish a feeling of self- complacency on the score of some quality or other, real or imaginary. Vanity and pride are different things, though the words are often used synonymously. A person may be proud without being vain. Pride relates more to our opinion of ourselves, vanity to what we would have others think of us (Austen 18-19). This was when all of the girls were carrying on a conversation about the dance the night before. Mostly everyone was cutting Mr. Darcy down, other than Mary, one of the five Bennet sisters, who defended him. She stated that pride is not always a horrible thing and people often presume two characteristics, pride and vanity, the two are interchangeable; when, in reality, they have two completely different definitions. This is also foreshadowing that later on in the story we will find out that Mr. Darcy could have anShow MoreRelatedEssay on Pride and Prejudice Versus Marriage and Tolerance1314 Words   |  6 PagesIn Jane Austens novel, Pride and Prejudice, Austen reveals a sparkling comedy of love and marriage, wit, form, and feeling that achieve some type of balance between pride and prejudice.nbsp; Mr. and Mrs. Bennett illustrate how comic characterization can be used to reveal different marital situations.nbsp; Pride and Prejudice shows many aspects of marriage and demonstra tes how one can make the most of their life regardless of the circumstances.nbsp; Elizabeth and Darcy have discovered themselvesRead MoreJane Austens Pride and Prejudice1061 Words   |  5 Pageslives off of society’s standards. Many writers criticizes the influence that society has over its members. The romantic novelist Jane Austen satirizes her society and those who follow it. One of her most famous works, Pride and Prejudice, is a great example of this satire. Throughout the novel she explores the effects of society through her characters. In Jane Austen’s novel Pride and Prejudice, she divulges the central theme of society and social class through the characters Elizabeth Bennet, MrRead MoreJane Austen s Life And Prejudice1430 Words   |  6 PagesAusten was a conservative female who spent most of her time writing novels that reflected her views on love, war, reputation, and class. This eventually influenced her to write a literary classic; Pride and Prejudice . Love in Jane Austen s life was one of the most influential factors in Pride and Prejudice. In her personal life, she had fallen in love with a man named Tom Lefroy whom she spent much of her time with. Through this experience, she wrote letters to her sister about their relationshipRead MoreJane Austen s Pride And Prejudice1142 Words   |  5 PagesPride and Prejudice: Feminist Origins Jane Austen wrote Pride and Prejudice in 1813, and it is seen as an important novel. Jane Austen grew up in a patriarchal society, with a father being a clergyman. Austen went against the normal for girls and rejected the man that proposed to her. She then began to write in a woman’s perspective. By using the feminist lens to analyze Jane Austen’s Pride and Prejudice, readers can realize how Austen used the characters in her novel to portray feminism, which atRead MoreJane Austen and Her Feminism1158 Words   |  5 PagesJane Austen and Her Feminism ---analyzing of feminism revealed in Pride and Prejudice Introduction It is universally acknowledged that Jane Austen was a major woman novelist in English; but it is also a truth that almost as universally ignored that Jane Austen was a feminist. By intensively reading her six novels (Sense and Sensibility, Pride and Prejudice, Northanger Abbey, Mansfield Park, Emma and Persuasion) and studying feminism, I have found some significant and fresh thingsRead MoreFirst Impressions Can Change It All Essay1036 Words   |  5 Pagesgo by and you have already made a first impression of a person. The first impressions you get of a person might not always be who they turn out to be. It is about giving people a chance as shown in Pride and Prejudice. Pride and Prejudice is a book first titled First Impressions. Pride and Prejudice is a book where the characters make the plot and the novel itself. It is based upon the first impressions one character makes of another and the story revolves around this. First Impressions embodyRead MoreThe Influence of Re gency England in Pride and Prejudice1604 Words   |  7 Pages English culture has often been guilty of exclusionary attitudes toward those of inferior social rank. Class divisions and their respective roles were established by the Middle Ages, and chronicled in literature. A man’s place in society determined his reputation. Several centuries later, the eighteenth-century magistrate and writer Henry Fielding noted in his novel, Joseph Andrews, that the class-conscious population continued to feel that even â€Å"the least familiarity [with those below in socialRead MorePride And Prejudice By Jane Austen Essay1711 Words   |  7 Pageshe 18th century novel, Pride and Prejudice, by Jane Austen, is a fascinating book about a young woman’s struggle with family and love. Pride and Prejudice was originally published in 1813, but, the most common version of the story, and the one used for this research, is from the version published in 1892, still by only Jane Austen, tho ugh many other authors have contributed to this book over time. Austen often references the class system at the time, often noting one of the multiple heroine’s struggleRead MoreJane Austen s Pride And Prejudice1450 Words   |  6 PagesShaped by its light-humored wit as well as heartfelt cast of characters, Pride and Prejudice explores the classic yet distinctive narrative of the two divergent characters Elizabeth Bennet and Fitzwilliam Darcy. Set towards the end of the eighteenth century and early nineteenth century in England, Jane Austen offers a profound insight into the social manners and behaviors expected of individuals in this time. In Elizabeth’s endeavor for independence in the face of her expectation as a female to marryRead MorePride And Prejudice By Jane Austen Essay1724 Words   |  7 PagesThe 18th century novel, Pride and Prejudice, by Jane Austen, is a fascinating book about a young woman’s struggle with family and love. Pride and Prejudice w as originally published in 1813, but, the most common version of the story, and the one used for this research, is from the version published in 1892, still by only Jane Austen, though many other authors have contributed to this book over time. Austen often references the class system at the time, often noting one of the multiple heroine’s struggle

Franz Kafka s The Metamorphosis - 1630 Words

Selfishness is omnipresent in the context of Franz Kafka’s The Metamorphosis. Throughout the story, the Samsa family struggle to balance their own lives and the sympathy for Gregor, the only son, as his transformation from human to cockroach leaves a burden on the family and results in the loss of Gregor’s humanity. Despite the fact that Gregor had been the sole income of the family, the loss of humanity from becoming a cockroach was overwhelming to the family, resulting in selfish tendencies. Kafka displays how humans are unintentionally selfish, especially when the inability to sympathize diminishes through the family’s relationships. Kafka and his domineering father had a strained relationship, in which Kafka’s ambitions in literature outraged his father, which profoundly affected his writing. â€Å"Whenever Kafka disagreed with his father or told his father that he wanted to be a write, not a shop owner, his father got very upset† (Stephens). Ka fka being the only son of the family, was pressured into assuming the role of his father, as women were typically limited to domestic work in the early nineteenth century. The disapproval of Kafka’s literature by his father would further lead him to isolation and depression. During his childhood, Kafka’s father constantly belittled and abused him as a form of setting him straight, but had not understood the repercussions of his actions which would lead to Kafka’s depression and antagonism towards his father. The selfishness of hisShow MoreRelatedThe Metamorphosis Franz Kafka s Metamorphosis1663 Words   |  7 PagesIn The Metamorphosis Franz Kafka tells the story of a young man named Gregor who observes the radical changes in his life after transforming into an insect. Gregor’s life was centered on his job as a traveling salesperson and his family. One morning Gregor woke up transformed into an insect. Afraid of the transformation Gregor stays in his ro om and ignores calls from his family. When Gregor realized that his new body did not allow him to have a normal life, he tried to adapt. After his metamorphosisRead MoreMetamorphosis By Franz Kafka s Metamorphosis1496 Words   |  6 PagesIn Franz Kafka s Metamorphosis, Grete changes from a child into an adult while also trying to do the opposite with her own family. Gregor’s metamorphosis leaves her family without anybody money to pay for their needs. Consequently, Grete replaces Gregor and begins to cook and clean for her family and go to work. These jobs allow Grete to become more experienced and to mature. Similarly, Grete shows displays these changes by dressing more provocatively and becoming more interested in romance. HoweverRead MoreReview Of Franz Kafka s The Metamorphosis 958 Words   |  4 PagesBibliography of the Life of Franz Kafka There are several aspects about the writing of Franz Kafka that make it enticing to the reader and tantalizing enough to keep the reader intrigued. The narrative that I find most intriguing by Kafka is The Metamorphosis. The Metamorphosis is a tale wherein Kafka essentially gives his perception of the story of his life through the use of storytelling devices, which without the use of them would have made it a less interesting tale. Franz Kafka was born on July 3rdRead MoreAnalysis Of Franz Kafka s The Metamorphosis 3979 Words   |  16 PagesAustin Day Professor Imali Abala English 357 18 February 2015 The Theme of Alienation in Franz Kafka’s The Metamorphosis The Metamorphosis written by Franz Kafka in 1915 is said to be one of the greatest literary works of all time and is seen as one of Kafka’s best and most popular works of literature. A relatively short novel; the story explains how the protagonist, Gregor Samsa wakes up one morning to find himself transformed into a vermin which completely estranges him from the world even moreRead MoreAnalysis Of Franz Kafka s The Metamorphosis 1087 Words   |  5 Pagesmercy were ignored. Franz Kafka’s novella is not about a dictator but it alludes to a person close to Franz that was as close to a dictator that he ever go to. Franz Kafka’s The Metamorphosis, is about a young man that wakes up one day and is a vermin and has to maneuver around his home and come to terms with his six itchy legs. It probably sounds like a load of fictitious ramblings that somehow became a classical novel. Wrong! Look a little closer and the secret message Franz Kafka wrote for his fatherRead M oreFranz Kafka s The Metamorphosis882 Words   |  4 Pagesâ€Å"The Metamorphosis† is a surreal story by Franz Kafka surrounding the transformation and betrayal of Gregor Samsa, who wakes up one day, reborn into a large insect. Along with the bizarre and nightmarish appearance of his new hard back, brown segmented belly, and many legs, Gregor only desire is to live a normal life, unfortunately, this is impossible because he struggles to even get out of bed. Gregor transformation into an insect is a vivid metaphor for the alienation of humans from around theRead MoreFranz Kafka s The Metamorphosis1222 Words   |  5 Pagestear you down. In Franz Kafka’s The Metamorphosis this destruction is what is seen in the Samsa family. Through what they believe to be necessary, Gregor’s family destroys the environment that he knows, Gregor Samsa destroys his family, and Mr. and Mrs. Samsa bring unnecessary destruction to both of their children. The very nature of Kafka’s The Metamorphosis is change and the effect on people. The first very obvious change is that of Gregor Samsa into a â€Å"monstrous vermin† (Kafka 3). However, oneRead MoreFranz Kafka s The Metamorphosis814 Words   |  4 Pages When Franz Kafka first penned his short novel The Metamorphosis in 1915, he had no idea that it would become one of the most influential pieces of fiction of the twentieth century, continuously being studied in colleges and universities across the Western world. The novel rotates around the life of a man named Gregor Samsa, who wakes up on a routine day, and suddenly finds himself transformed into an insect. As the story progresses, the reader can see how Gregor’s physical transformation triggersRead MoreAnalysis Of Franz Kafka s Metamorphosis1985 Words   |  8 Pagestruly seen? Does one view one’s external self, or do they see a reflection of past experience? Not many have the value of altruism, bu t some do. Sometimes altruism can turn extremist though, to the point where it can be a negative thing. In Franz Kafka’s Metamorphosis, the main character Gregor Samsa is a workaholic that randomly one day awakens as a bug. Initially, Gregor sees himself with a condition, and then slowly tries to adapt to his bug transformation. Gregor did not put himself first when heRead MoreFranz Kafka s The Metamorphosis1318 Words   |  6 PagesFranz Kafka’s twentieth-century classic, The Metamorphosis, shows the changes of the Samsa family after their son, Gregor, turns into a vile insect. Even though Gregor has turned into the most disgusting of creatures, this â€Å"metamorphosis† is ironic compared to the transformation that his family endures. While Gregor still sustains his humanity, the lack of any compassion and mercy from his family, is what makes them the disgusting creatures rather than Gregor. The changes of Gregor’s father, mother

Value Added Tax of the Philippines Free Essays

Value-Added Tax is a form of sales tax. It is a tax on consumption levied on the sale, barter, exchange or lease of goods or properties and services in the Philippines and on importation of goods into the Philippines. It is an indirect tax, which may be shifted or passed on to the buyer, transferee or lessee of goods, properties or services. We will write a custom essay sample on Value Added Tax of the Philippines or any similar topic only for you Order Now 1. What is a VAT registered individual? Any person or entity who, in the course of his trade or business, sells, barters, exchanges, leases goods or properties and renders services subject to VAT, if the aggregate amount of actual gross sales or receipts exceed One Million Five Hundred Thousand Pesos (P1,500,000. 00). * A person required to register as VAT taxpayer but failed to register * Any person, whether or not made in the course of his trade or business, who imports goods 2. What are the steps and requirements of the NIRC? First, an individual must fill-up BIR Form No. 2550 M(Monthly Value-Added Tax Declaration) in triplicate copies (two copies for the BIR and one copy for the taxpayer) * If there is payment: 1. File the Monthly VAT declaration, together with the required attachments, and pay the VAT due thereon with any Authorized Agent Bank (AAB) under the jurisdiction of the Revenue District Office (RDO)/Large Taxpayers District Office (LTDO) where the taxpayer (head office of the business establishment) is registered or required to be registered. 2. The taxpayer must accomplish and submit BIR-prescribed deposit slip, which the bank teller shall machine validate as evidence that payment was received by the AAB. The AAB receiving the tax return shall stamp mark the word â€Å"Received† on the return and machine validate the return as proof of filing the return and payment of the tax. 3. In places where there are no duly accredited agent banks, file the Monthly VAT declaration, together with the required attachments and pay the VAT due with the Revenue Collection Officer (RCO) or duly authorized Treasurer of the Municipality where such taxpayer (head office of the business establishment) is registered or required to be registered. 4. The RCO or duly authorized Municipal/City Treasurer shall issue a Revenue Official Receipt upon payment of the tax. * If there is no payment: File the Monthly VAT Declaration, together with the required attachments with the RDO/LTDO/Large Taxpayers Assistance Division, Collection Agent or duly authorized Municipal/ City Treasurer of Municipality/City where the taxpayer (head office of the business establishment) is registered or required to be registered. The Documentary Requirements are: 1. Duly issued Certificate of Creditable VAT Withheld at Source (BIR Form No. 2307), if applicable 2. Summary Alphalist of Withholding Agents of Income Payments Subjected to Withholding Tax At Source (SAWT), if applicable 3. Duly approved Tax Debit Memo, if applicable 4. Duly approved Tax Credit Certificate, if applicable 5. Authorization letter, if return is filed by authorize d representative. 3. What are the items subject to 12% VAT? Sale, barter, exchange or lease of goods or properties and services in the Philippines and on importation of goods into the Philippines, which are not considered as exempted or zero-rated, are subject to 12% VAT. 4. What are the exempt transactions? VAT-exempt sale is a sale of goods, properties or service and the use or lease of properties which is not subject to output tax and whereby the buyer is not allowed any tax credit or input tax related to such exempt sale. The VAT-exempt sale includes: A. Sale or importation of agricultural and marine food products in their original state, livestock and poultry of a kind generally used as, or yielding or producing foods for human consumption; and breeding stock and genetic materials therefore; B. Sale or importation of fertilizers; seeds, seedlings and fingerlings; fish, prawn, livestock and poultry feeds, including ingredients, whether locally produced or imported, used in the manufacture of finished feeds (except specialty feeds for race horses, fighting cocks, aquarium fish, zoo animals nd other animals considered as pets); C. Importation of personal and household effects belonging to residents of the Philippines returning from abroad and non-resident citizens coming to resettle in the Philippines; Provided, that such goods are exempt from custom duties under the Tariff and Customs Code of the Philippines; D. Importation of professional instruments and implements, wearing apparel, domestic animals, and personal household effects (except any vehicle, vessel, aircraft, machinery and other goods for use in the manufacture and merchandise of any kind in commercial quantity) belonging to persons coming to settle in the Philippines, for their own use and not for sale, barter or exchange, accompanying such persons, or arriving within ninety (90) days before or after their arrival, upon the production of evidence satisfactory to the Commissioner of Internal Revenue, that such persons are actually coming to settle in the Philippines and that the change of residence is bonafide; E. Services subject to percentage tax under Title V of the Code, as amended; F. Services by agricultural contract growers and milling for others of palay into rice, corn into grits, and sugar cane into raw sugar; G. Medical, dental, hospital and veterinary services except those rendered by professionals; H. Educational services rendered by private educational institutions duly accredited by the Department of Education (DepED), the Commission on Higher Education (CHED) and the Technical Education and Skills Development Authority (TESDA) and those rendered by the government educational institutions; I. Services rendered by individuals pursuant to an employer-employee relationship; J. Services rendered by regional or area headquarters established in the Philippines by multinational corporations which act as supervisory, communications and coordinating centers for their affiliates, subsidiaries or branches in the Asia-Pacific Region and do not earn or derive income from the Philippines; K. Transactions which are exempt under international agreements to which the Philippines is a signatory or under special laws except those granted under P. D. No. 529 – Petroleum Exploration Concessionaires under the Petroleum Act of 1949; L. Sales by agricultural cooperatives duly registered and in good standing with the Cooperative Development Authority (CDA) to their members, as well as of their produce, whether in its original state or processed form, to non-members, their importation of direct farm inputs, machineries and equipment, including spare parts thereof, to be used directly and exclusively in the production and/or processing of their produce; M. Gross receipts from lending activities by credit or multi-purpose cooperatives duly registered and in good standing with the Cooperative Development Authority; N. Sales by non-agricultural, non-electric and non-credit cooperatives duly registered with and in good standing with CDA; Provided, that the share capital contribution of each member does not exceed Fifteen Thousand Pesos (P15,000. 00) and regardless of the aggregate capital and net surplus ratably distributed among the members; O. Export sales by persons who are not VAT-registered; P. The following sales of real properties are exempt from VAT, namely: * Sale of real properties not primarily held for sale to customers or held for lease in the ordinary course of trade or business; * Sale of real properties utilized for low-cost housing as defined by RA No. 7279, otherwise known as the â€Å"Urban Development and Housing Act of 1992† and other related laws, such as RA No. 7835 and RA No. 8763; * Sale of real properties utilized for specialized housing as defined under RA No. 7279, and other related laws, such as RA No. 7835 and RA No. 8763, wherein price ceiling per unit is P225,000. 0 or as may from time to time be determined by the HUDCC and the NEDA and other related laws; * Sale of residential lot valued at One Million Five Hundred Thousand Pesos (P1,500,000. 00) and below, or house and lot and other residential dwellings valued at Two Million Five Hundred Thousand Pesos (P2,500,000. 00) and below wher e the instrument of sale/ transfer/ disposition was executed on or after July 1, 2005; Provided, that not later than January 31, 2009 and every three (3) years thereafter, the amounts stated herein shall be adjusted to its present value using the Consumer Price Index, as published by the National Statistics Office (NSO); Provided, further, that such adjustment shall be published through revenue regulations to be issued not later than March 31 of each year. Q. Lease of residential units with a monthly rental per unit not exceeding Ten Thousand Pesos (P10,000. 00), regardless of the amount of aggregate rentals received by the lessor during the year; Provided, that not later than January 31, 2009 and every three (3) years thereafter, the amount of P10,000. 00 shall be adjusted to its present value using the Consumer Price Index, as published by the NSO; R. Sale, importation, printing or publication of books and any newspaper, magazine, review or bulletin which appears at regular intervals with fixed prices for subscription and sale and which is not devoted principally to the publication of paid advertisements; S. Sale, importation or lease of passenger or cargo vessels and aircraft, including engine equipment and spare parts thereof for domestic or international transport operations; Provided, that the exemption from VAT on the importation and local purchase of passenger and/or cargo vessels shall be limited to those of one hundred fifty (150) tons and above, including engine and spare parts of said vessels; Provided, further, that the vessels to be imported shall comply with the age limit requirement, at the time of acquisition counted from the date of the vessel’s original commissioning, as follows: (a) for passenger and/or cargo vessel, the age limit is fifteen (15) years old, (b) for tankers, the age limit is ten (10) year old, and (c) for high-speed passengers crafts, the age limit is five (5) years old; Provided, finally, that exemption shall be subject to the provisions of Section 4 of Republic Act No. 9295, otherwise known as â€Å"The Domestic Shipping Development Act of 2004 †; T. Importation of life-saving equipment, safety and rescue equipment and communication and navigational safety equipment, steel plates and other metal plates including marine-grade aluminum plates, used for shipping transport operations; Provided, that the exemption shall be subject to the provisions of Section 4 of Republic Act No. 9295, otherwise known as â€Å"The Domestic Shipping Development Act of 2004†. U. Importation of capital equipment, machinery, spare parts, life-saving and navigational equipment, steel plates and other metal plates including marine-grade aluminum plates to be used in the construction, repair, renovation or alteration of any merchant marine vessel operated or to be operated in the domestic trade. Provided, that the exemption shall be subject to the provisions of Section 19 of Republic Act No. 9295, otherwise known as the â€Å"The Domestic Shipping Development Act of 2004†. V. Importation of fuel, goods and supplies engaged in international shipping or air transport operations; Provided, that the said fuel, goods and supplies shall be used exclusively or shall pertain to the transport of goods and/or passenger from a port in the Philippines directly to a foreign port, or ice-versa, without docking or stopping at any other port in the Philippines unless the docking or stopping at any other Philippine port is for the purpose of unloading passengers and/or car goes that originated from abroad, or to load passengers and/or cargoes bound for abroad; Provided, further, that if any portion of such fuel, goods or supplies is used for purposes other than the mentioned in the paragraph, such portion of fuel, goods and supplies shall be subject to 12% VAT; W. Services of banks, non-bank financial intermediaries performing quasi-banking functions, and other non-bank financial intermediaries, such as money changers and pawnshops, subject to percentage tax under Sections 121 and 122, respectively of the Tax Code; and X. Sale or lease of goods or properties or the performance of services other than the transactions mentioned in the preceding paragraphs, the gross annual sales and/or receipts do not exceed the amount of One Million Five Hundred Thousand Pesos (P1,500,000. 00). Provided, that not later than January 31, 2009 and every three (3) years thereafter, the amount of P1,500,000. 0 shall be adjusted to its present value after using the Consumer Price Index, as published by the NSO. 5. What is the zero-rated? Zero-rated sale is a sale, barter or exchange of goods, properties and/or services subject to 0% VAT pursuant to Sections 106 (A) (2) and 108 (B) of the Tax Code. It is a taxable transaction for VAT purposes, but shall not result in any output tax. However, the input tax on purchases of goods, properties or services, related to such zero-rated sales, shall be available as tax credit or refund in accordance with RR No. 16-2005. * The following services performed in the Philippines by VAT-registered person shall be subject to zero percent (0%) rate: A. Processing, manufacturing or repacking goods for other persons doing business outside the Philippines which goods are subsequently exported where the services are paid for in acceptable foreign currency and accounted for in accordance with the rules and regulations of the Bangko Sentral ng Pilipinas (BSP); B. Services other than processing, manufacturing or repacking rendered to a person engaged in business conducted outside the Philippines or to a non-resident person engaged in business who is outside the Philippines when the services are performed, the consideration for which is paid for in acceptable foreign currency and accounted for in accordance with the rules and regulations of the Bangko Sentral ng Pilipinas (BSP); C. Services rendered to persons or entities whose exemption under special laws or international agreements to which the Philippines is a signatory effectively subjects the supply of such services to zero percent (0%) rate; D. Services rendered to persons engaged in international shipping or air transport operations, including leases of property for use thereof; Provided, however, that the services referred to herein shall not pertain to those made to common carriers by air and sea relative to their transport of passengers, goods or cargoes from one place in the Philippines to another place in the Philippines, the same being subject to twelve percent (12%) VAT under Sec. 08 of the Tax Code starting Feb. 1, 2006; E. Services performed by subcontractors and/or contractors in processing, converting, or manufacturing goods for an enterprise whose export sales exceeds seventy percent (70%) of total annual production; F. Transport of passengers and cargo by domestic air or sea carriers from th e Philippines to a foreign country. Gross receipts of international air carriers doing business in the Philippines and international sea carriers doing business in the Philippines are still liable to a percentage tax of three percent (3%) based on their gross receipts as provided for in Sec. 118 of the Tax Code but shall not be liable to VAT; and G. Sale of power or fuel generated through renewable sources of energy such as, but not limited to, biomass, solar, wind, hydropower, geothermal and steam, ocean energy, and other shipping sources using technologies such as fuel cells and hydrogen fuels; Provided, however that zero-rating shall apply strictly to the sale of power or fuel generated through renewable sources of energy, and shall not extend to the sale of services related to the maintenance or operation of plants generating said power . * The following sales by VAT-registered persons shall be subject to zero percent (0%) rate: A. Export sales B. The sale and actual shipment of goods from the Philippines to a foreign country, irrespective of any shipping arrangement that may be agreed upon which may influence or determine the transfer of ownership of the goods so exported, paid in acceptable foreign currency or its equivalent in goods or services, and accounted for in accordance with the rules and regulations of the Bangko Sentral ng Pilipinas (BSP); C. The sale of raw materials or packaging materials to a non-resident buyer for delivery to as resident local export-oriented enterprise to be used in manufacturing, processing, packing or repacking in the Philippines of the said buyer’s goods, paid for in acceptable foreign currency, and accounted for in accordance with the rules and regulations of the BSP; D. The sale of raw materials or packaging materials to an export-oriented enterprise whose export sales exceed seventy percent (70%) of total annual production; E. Sale of gold to the BSP; F. Transactions considered export sales under Executive Order No. 226, otherwise known as the Omnibus Investments Code of 1987, and other special laws; and G. The sale of goods, supplies, equipment and fuel to persons engaged in international shipping or international air transport operations; Provided, that the same is limited to goods, supplies, equipment and fuel pertaining to or attributable to the transport of goods and passengers from a port in the Philippines directly to a foreign port, or vice-versa without docking or stopping at any other port in the Philippines unless the docking or stopping at any other Philippine port is for the purpose of unloading passengers and/or cargoes that originated from abroad, or to load passengers and/or cargoes bound for abroad; Provided, further, that if any portion of such fuel, goods or supplies is used for purposes other than the mentioned in this paragraph, such portion of fuel, goods and supplies shall be subject to twelve percent (12%) output VAT. H. Foreign Currency Denominated Sales I. The sale to a non-resident of goods, except those mentioned in Sections 149 and 150 of the Tax Code, assem bled or manufactured in the Philippines for delivery to a resident in the Philippines, paid for in acceptable foreign currency and accounted for in accordance with the rules and regulations of the BSP. J. Sales to Persons or Entities Deemed Tax-exempt under Special Law or International Agreement K. Sale of goods or property to persons or entities who are tax-exempt under special laws or international agreements to which the Philippines is a signatory, such as, Asian Development Bank (ADB), International Rice Research Institute (IRRI), etc. 6. What is the difference between exempt and zero-rated? * Exempted transactions are not subject to output tax and whereby the buyer is not allowed any tax credit or input tax related to such exempt sale; however, Zero-rated transactions, subject to 0% VAT, are taxable transactions for VAT purposes, but shall not result in any output tax. Zero-rated transactions shall be available as tax credit or refund. 7. How do you compute the VAT? On sale of goods and properties – twelve percent (12%) of the gross selling price or gross value in money of the goods or properties sold, bartered or exchanged * On sale of services and use or lease of properties – twelve percent (12%) of gross receipts derived from the sale or exchange of servic es, including the use or lease of properties * On importation of goods – twelve percent (12%) based on the total value used by the Bureau of Customs in determining tariff and customs duties, plus customs duties, excise taxes, if any, and other charges, such as tax to be paid by the importer prior to the release of such goods from customs custody; provided, that where the customs duties are determined on the basis of quantity or volume of the goods, the VAT shall be based on the landed cost plus excise taxes, if any. * On export sales and other zero-rated sales – 0% 8. When is the deadline for filing the Value Added Tax return? * Monthly VAT Declarations shall be filed not later than the 20th day following the end of each month. Quarterly Value-Added Tax Return within twenty five (25) days following the close of taxable quarter. Reference: http://www. bir. gov. ph/taxinfo/tax_vat. htm How to cite Value Added Tax of the Philippines, Essay examples

Analysis Of Budgeting And Budgeting Control Accounting Essay Example For Students

Analysis Of Budgeting And Budgeting Control Accounting Essay This paper should non be reproduced by any agencies, in full or in portion, except for short infusion in a just dealing, for research or private survey, critical scholarly reappraisal or discourse with an recognition. No portion of this thesis may be reproduced, stored in any retrieval system, or transmitted in any signifier or by any agencies without prior written permission of the writer or Coventry University. Outline1 Recognitions2 Dedication3 Abstraction4 Table of contents5 List of Tables6 List of Figures7 Chapter ONE8 1.0 Introduction9 1.1 Background information of Nachingwea District Council ( NDC )10 1.1.1 NDC vision11 1.1.2 NDC mission12 1.1.3 NDC aims13 1.1.4 NDC Strenghts, Weaknesses, Opportunities and Threats ( SWOT ) analysis14 Table 1: NDC SWOT Analysis15 Strengths16 Failings17 SWOT analysis of NDC18 Opportunities19 Menaces20 1.2 Background information of the job21 1.3 Statement of the job22 1.4 Aims of the research23 1.5 Research inquiries24 1.6 Scope of the survey25 1.7 Justification of the survey26 1.7.1 For Theory27 1.7.2 For Empirical Practices28 1.8 Restrictions of the survey29 Time.30 Entree to informations.31 Accuracy of informations.32 1.9 Structure of the thesis33 Chapter TWO34 Review of Pertinent Literature35 2.0 Introduction36 2.1 A brief History of Budget37 2.2 Budgeting Procedure38 2.3 Budgetary Control39 Figure 2: The budgetary control procedure circle40 Managemen t directives PLAN Budget41 ` React EXECUTE42 Analysis EVALUATE Report43 Figure 2: A mechanical control procedure44 Figure 2: Budgetary control processes45 2.4 Organization Performance46 2.5 Budgeting and budgetary control patterns in relation to public presentation47 Figure 2: Conventional diagrams demoing conceptual model48 Chapter THREE49 Research Design and Methods50 3.0 Introduction51 3.1 Research design52 3.2 Sampling techniques53 3.3 Sample size54 Table 3: Population of the survey55 3.4 Research site and population of the survey Recognitions To get down with, my sincere grasps go to my supervisor Mr. Harrison Ngowi who spent a batch of his clip steering me during the clip of composing this paper. His academic apprehension and the character have motivated me in so assorted ways. Without his leading, I might hold non got limitless penetration into the survey and to finalize my thesis. I am besides profoundly thankful to Dr. Joseph M. Temu for his productive advice and support in composing this research paper who helped me to better the academic worth of this work. I owe a favor to the direction and staff of Nachingwea District Council who made it possible to transport out my survey. Specifically, my deep thanks go to the Finance section staff who provided a invaluable support and aid to do this survey possible at NDC. I besides show grasp to my friends and co-workers, specifically Harrison Temu and Tumaini Richard for supplying me with nonstop support, encouragement and cherished advice to complete this thesis. Last but non least, my warmest grasp and thankfulness goes to my darling parents Daniel S. Msangi and Shikanaeli D. Msangi, my fiancee Nyamizi G. Mgonela and my siblings. My male parent and female parent all the clip supported me to obtain more cognition and they are representation of love. My brothers Samuel and Ephraim, my sisters Juliana, Angel Elizabeth, Rhoda, Tabitha, Veronica and Lucy, for their attention to me hold ever motivated me in my survey. They must be pleased to witness my promotion in instruction. Edward D. Msangi 31st October 2012 Dedication To my darling parents: Daniel and Shikanaeli For the eternal love and support To the love of my life, Nyamizi, You were ever at that place for me for the support and encouragementAcronyms The undermentioned acronyms presented are used throughout this survey. CAG Controller and Auditor General DED District Executive Director HODs Head of Departments IBRD International Bank of Reconstruction and Development LGAs Local Government Authorities MED Municipal Executive Director MOFEA Ministry of Finance and Economic Affairs MTEF Medium Term Expenditure Framework NAPA National Academy of Public Administration NDC Nachingwea District Council NGOs Non-Governmental Administration OPRAS Open Performance Review and Appraisal System PCCB Prevention an Combacting of Corruption Bureau PPE Plant Property and Equipment SWOT Strength, Weaknesses, Opportunity and Threats TNAO Tanzania National Audit Office PER Public Expenditure Review PMO-RALG Prime Minister Office-Regional Administration and Local Goverment WB World Bank Abstraction This survey focused on ways in which budgeting and budgetary control impacts Local Goverment Authorities ( LGAs ) perfomance.This survey was conducted in Nachingwea District Council ( NDC ) as instance study.The attack used was quantitative one and primary informations were collected utilizing self-administered questionnaires with closed ended inquiries. Secondary informations were collected by documental reappraisal and the survey applied both convinient and judgemental sampling in choosing the sample. The survey has generated a figure of finds which concluded that ; constitution of the function of proper budgeting and effectual budgetary control patterns and its effects on perfomance ; designation of the factor which limit the proper budgeting and effectual budgetary control which may impede the perfomance of LGAs.However, this survey found out that the current sytem of sytem of budgeting and budgetary control patterns in LGAs satisfactory but was able to supply some clear suggestion for the chance of bettering the current sytem. This research besides recognized different facets of perfomance in relation to the budgeting and budgertary control patterns specifically on how these patterns can be used as the tool to measure the perfomance. The cardinal findings of the survey was on relationship between budgeting and budgetary cotrol and LGAs pefomance. There is positive correlativity between budgeting and budgatry control and LGAs perfomance as measured by budget disagreements. The survey puts foward a figure of recommendations for improved perfomance in LGAs and NDC as a consequence of proper budgeting and budgetary control patterns are: LGAs should modernize these patterns by agencies usage of package and computing machines, to ask for consultancy to update the forces responsible for these pattern on any new information, engagement of comptrollers in budget scene, avoid copying the old budgets as it is and do certain there is budget transparence. Table of contents List of Tables List of Figures Chapter ONE 1.0 Introduction This chapter presents to the readers a assortment of issues related to the budgeting and budgetary control in relation to public presentation in Local Government Authorities ( LGAs ) . 1.1 Background information of Nachingwea District Council ( NDC ) Nachingwea District Council was established on 31st December 1983 when the clerk of the National Assembly signed the certification of constitution under the footings of the commissariats of subdivisions 8 and 9 of the Local Government Act 1982, ( District Authorities ) . It started its operations on 1st January 1984. In conformity with Local Government Authorities categorization, Nachingwea District Council is in category III. The Act clearly states stipulates the basic maps of the governments: To keep and ease the care of peace, order and good authorities within its country of legal power. To advance the societal public assistance and economic wellbeing of all individuals within its country of legal power. To explicate, co-ordinate and oversee the execution of all programs, economic, commercial, industrial and societal development in its country of legal power. To supervise and command the public presentation of responsibilities and map of council by sections, its offices and staff. To guarantee the aggregation and proper use of the grosss of the council. To do by Torahs applicable throughout its country of legal power, and to see and O.K. by Torahs made by small town councils within it country of legal power. To see, modulate and organize development programs, undertakings and plans of small towns and township governments within its country of legal power, so as to guarantee the more donees development and mobilisation of productive forces in the small town and township governments and their applications towards ; The sweetening of productiveness ; The acceleration of societal and economic development of small towns ; The betterment of rural life and to modulate and supervise the aggregation and use of gross of small town councils and township governments. To take all necessary steps to supply for the protection and proper use of the environment for sustainable development Capable to Torahs in force, to make all such Acts of the Apostless and things as may be done by people s authorities at the territory degree ( Act of Parliament 1982 ) 1.1.1 NDC vision The vision of Nachingwea District Council to hold the strong and sustainable societal and economic development through stakeholders engagement and appropriate usage of available resources and chances by the twelvemonth 2025 1.1.2 NDC mission The mission of Nachingwea District Council is to supply quality and sustainable socioeconomic services in order to better the quality of life of the people of Nachingwea District through efficient and effectual usage of resources and good administration. 1.1.3 NDC aims NDC aims are in line with those aims by which Local governments were established as stipulated by Local Authority Act no. 7 and 8 of 1982. These aims are fulfilled through implementationof undertakings allocated by financess or gross aggregation Service improved and HIV and AIDS infections rate cut down Enhance, Sustain and effectual execution of the National Anti-corruption Strategy Access and quality of societal services improved Measure and quality of economic services and substructure improved Good administration and disposal services enhanced Management of natural resources and environment improved Social public assistance, Gender equality and community authorization improved ( Act of Parliament 1982 ) 1.1.4 NDC Strenghts, Weaknesses, Opportunities and Threats ( SWOT ) analysis The territory council has Strengths, Weaknesses, Opportunities and Challenges in accomplishing its aims. The SWOTs are elaborated in the Table 1.1 Table 1: NDC SWOT Analysis Strengths Failings Well established administrative constructions ( vitongoji small town wards District degree ) Presence of few qualified forces. Handiness of few working cogwheels ( conveyance installations, edifices ) . Fair distribution available extension staff and other staff like primary school instructors and wellness staff. Existing good National policies. Political stableness and societal coherence. Handiness of adequate fertile land for cultivation and farm animal grazing land. Present of possible countries for irrigation agriculture. Good networking installations roads and air port. Being of working husbandmans associations, groups and co-ops. Inadequate preparation / refresher class for Council staff. Low production and productiveness. Inadequate financess for the execution of development activities. Inadequate and hapless operation of institutional installations like staff quarters, offices, schools and wellness substructures High monetary value of agribusiness inputs. Inadequate engagement of the communities in development activities. Weak leading at the small town and ward degrees. Poor socio-economic substructure system. Ignorance on the sustainable usage of the available natural resources. Poor engagement of adult females in determination devising at assorted degrees of leading and family degree. The Council has limited resource to develop Human resource Inadequate accomplishments to employees and leaders particularly at Ward and Village Levels. Inadequate working tools and hapless status Farmers limited with market information and deficiency of accomplishments on processing of agricultural green goodss. Undependable market monetary values for agricultural green goodss. HIV/AIDS flagellum. Beginning: NDC Medium Term Expenditure Framework ( MTEF ) 2012 SWOT analysis of NDC Opportunities Menaces Existing Non -Governmental Organizations ( NGOs ) , Institutions and International organisation for back uping the territory. Fiscal support from external givers. . Handiness of immense figure of autochthonal farm animal and fertile land. Handiness of adequate labour force. Plenty of natural resources like forest resources and mineral and wildlife. Turning civilization of community part to development activities. Presence of assorted instruction ( Learning ) and research Institutions. Presence of Microfinance Institute to supply recognition installations to husbandmans Presence of supportive private sectors such as stockist, NGOs Expanding entree to market chances ( due to betterment in roads webs ) Presence of telecommunication webs such as Airtel, Tigo, Zantel, Tanzania Telecommunications Company Limited ( TTCL ) and Vodacom and Internetservices Prevalence of agribusiness, farm animal and human diseases including HIV/AIDS. Adverse conditions conditions ( Frequent drouths ) . Entrenched societal and cultural patterns. Technological alterations. Widespread of gender inequalities due to complex socio-cultural factors. Beginning: NDC Medium Term Expenditure Framework ( MTEF ) 2012 1.2 Background information of the job This research intends to derive deeper understanding about how budgeting and budgetary control relate to Local Government Authorities ( LGA s ) public presentation. LGAs can do a important part to the populace public assistance through the executing of authorities policies and the bringing of public services that are of import to the people populating in certain vicinity. LGAs particular economic advantage lies in the closeness of the community to the determination shapers and decision makers of the plans that provide services. Local authorities has the possible to be the most crystalline and answerable degree of authorities in supplying services to the community. Strong LGAs financial disposal enhances full realisation of local plans as the citizen public assistance are reflected in local plans ; so that policies are conducted in a in fiscal matters sustainable manner ; and so that resources are non lost through inefficient, uneffective, uneconomical, or corrupt operations. The pote ncy of reactivity to the people means small if resources intended to supply services faux pas into the pockets of politicians and administrative officials ( Shah 2007 ) . Annual budgets for LGAs in Tanzania from domestic beginnings and grants in entire exceed one trillion shillings ( Tanzania National Audit Office ( TNAO ) 2010 ) . Most of the LGAs are practising balanced budget which requires close budgetary control. Effective budgeting and budgetary controls are means to proper use of allocated financess by the cardinal authorities to the council towards development of the council in inquiry. Effective budgeting and effectual degree of budgetary control agreement depend upon a co-ordinated and efficient system of planning and control of operations. Coordinated and efficient system of budgeting and budgetary control ensures supervising and executing of planned activities and provides waies and counsel to the council functionaries and other stakeholders on service bringing during the financial twelvemonth. In many LGAs ; scrutinizing studies have shown budget discrepancies which contribute to hapless public presentation due to miss of proper follow up of budgeting and effectual degree of budgetary control, peculation and haphazard reallocations. In this survey, the research worker analyzes the budgeting procedure and budgetary control in relation to local authorities public presentation for Nachingwea District Council and to analyze the links between budgeting, budgetary control and public presentation. In dispatching their responsibilities, every LGA is charged with the duty of go throughing a elaborate budget of the estimations of the sums expected to be received and expected to be paid by the LGA during the fiscal twelvemonth non less than two months before the beginning of every fiscal twelvemonth. Every LGA is required to show the budget public presentation agendas which compare existent expenditure/income with sanctioned budget as auxiliary information to the fiscal statements. Budgeting and Budgetary control patterns is an of import tools of direction control and public presentations step. It is an of import constituent of bettering Local Government public presentation and comparing current public presentation with expected public presentation with the position of achieving equilibrium. In the behavior of the twenty-four hours to twenty-four hours activities of Local Government Authorities, effectual budgeting and budgeting control must be the cardinal operating process which has to be prioritized. Budgeting and budgetary control has been practiced in LGAs for old ages but general populace and interest holders are progressively being dissatisfied by the manner these councils are run. The LGAs are non merely criticized for deficiency of proper control budget but besides for the misguided process for be aftering the outgo and gross. The inefficiencies in budgeting and budgetary control by LGAs have generated dissatisfaction and unfavorable judgment on council s fiscal direction. In the most recent study from the Controller and Auditor General ( CAG ) more LGAs than earlier received qualified and inauspicious sentiment on their histories. The reappraisal shows that of all 133 LGAs in Tanzania, 48.5 % had unqualified sentiment, 48.5 % had qualified sentiment and 3 % had inauspicious sentiment. This shows that the figure of unqualified sentiment has decreased from 77 ( 58 % ) in the twelvemonth 2008/2009 to 65 ( 48.5 % ) in the twelvemonth 2009/1020 whereas the figure of qualified sentiment has increased from 55 ( 41 % ) in the twelvemonth 2008/2009 to 65 ( 48.5 % ) in the twelvemonth 2009/2010. The figure of inauspicious sentiment has besides increased from 1 ( 1 % ) in 2008/2009 to 4 ( 3 % ) in the twelvemonth 2009/2010 ( TNAO 2010 ) . This information portray hapless direction of financess by local authorities in Tanzania, the ground is being deficiency of supervising on the portion of council direction to oversee and supervise execution of undertakings for illustration Council reassign financess to wards and small towns without doing follow up. This demonstrates LGA s low capacity in budgeting and in executing of budgetary control which leads to hapless public presentation ; this builds up the research worker s cardinal job to be studied. 1.3 Statement of the job The aims of LGAs are non-profit. Social, economic and instruction services are aims of LGAs which are directed towards persons or groups which received the said services. The caput of sections in LGAs like their opposite numbers in ware concern are charged with stewardship of economic resources alternatively of seeking to deduce pecuniary addition. Therefore, LGAs as an illustration of non-profit organisation should put in equal and effectual methods and processs in budgeting and budgetary control patterns ( Matz and Usry 1984 ) . Since their constitution in the twelvemonth 1961 to 1965, budgeting and budgetary Control patterns in LGAs has been unsatisfactory, marked with misdirection of public financess and hapless aggregation of grosss ensuing to failure on the portion of the Council to carry through the fiscal and economic ends therefore hapless public presentation. Budgeting and budgetary control patterns is important as it could take to council hapless public presentation. A recent reappraisal of gross and outgo evidenced that, 103 Councils in Tanzania had incurred entire outgo of Tshs. 1,373,576,272,098 against entire income of Tshs. 1,521937,206,309 recurrent grants. Thirty one ( 31 ) LGAs have incurred a entire outgo of Tshs. 451,774,320,398 against entire income of Tshs. 426,419,510,511. This consequences to budgetary discrepancies of Tshs. 148,360,934,211 and Tshs. 25,354,809,887 severally. Besides the reappraisal shows that outstanding receivables and prepayments in all Local Governments in Tanzania amounted to Tshs. 44,059,104,038. This signal there is a weak budgeting and budgetary control since Local Government patterns a balanced budget ( TNAO 2010 ) . Effective budgeting and budgetary patterns is one of major constriction for LGAs to prosecute efficaciously in economic development of the council which leads to hapless public presentation. The execution of proper budgeting and budgetary controls will better public presentation as it keeps the Council direction focused on its plans and aims of the Council. It is against this scenario, that the research worker found involvement in analysing budgeting and budgetary control in relation to LGAs public presentation. 1.4 Aims of the research In response of the different literature on the constructs of budgeting and budgetary control in connexion with public presentation particularly limited research related to LGAs, purpose of this research is to place the relationship between budgeting and budgetary control and public presentation. The survey so tries to look into whether the recognized relationship between budgeting and budgetary control and public presentation is set by the existent budgeting and budgetary control of Nachingwea District Council. The followers is a list of the specific aims of this survey: A DNA Bank Is Good For All EssayFigure 2: Budgetary control processes Planned inputs ( the budgets Procedure Output ( Actual consequences ) Regular comparing of ( budget and existent ) Feedback Feedback Beginning: Glynn et Al ( 2008 ) The above figure 2.3 indicates that planned inputs as reflected in the budgets are compared with the existent consequences and the divergences from the desired inputs are identified. Independently from comparing of existent result with budget in placing discrepancies, budgetary control theoretical account besides emphasizes the significance of feedback direction which includes the needed budgetary discrepancies justification and remedial actions. Top direction should allow their junior directors to give account to discrepancies in budget and study action taken to rectify the causes of those discrepancies. Achieving the ceiling consequences from preset program of action in any organisation is common when there is effectual budgetary control. Establishing effectual budgetary control system in organisation requires be aftering where a budget manual should reflect the inside informations of the budgeting procedure from activities to the responsible people. The usage of budgetary controls by directors in the organisation as an assistance to determination devising is indispensable towards accomplishing high public presentation of the house ( Meigs 2000 ) . In LGAs, effectual budgetary control sytem is established by a well working LGAs budget and managerial construction. LGAs is is capable to answerability to its citizens, public bureaus and higher- degree goverment.These sorts of answerability is referred as: bottom up-to local citizens ; horizontal answerability to public bureaus and perpendicular answerability to the cardinal goverment.Horizontal answerability cover up the scope of public entities to look into LGAs maltreatments and inefficiencies. These bureaus may include TNAO, LGAs councils and Prevention and Combacting of Corruption Bureau ( PCCB ) . LGAs are besides held accountable to cardinal authorities. Cardinal authorities frequently set the regulations under which LGAs operate. In add-on with, centrl goverment ever supply a part of their fiscal resources to LGAs through financial transportation. Therefore, there is ever some degree of budgetary coverage and answerability by LGAs to the cardinal authorities ( Schaeffer and Serdar 2008 ) . Figure 2.4 shows the linkages of answerability ; Cardinal Government LGAs Citizen, Media TNAO PCCB LGAs councils Figure 2: Accountability Linkages Vertical answerability Horizontal answerability Bottom-up answerability Beginning: Schaeffer and Serdar ( 2008 ) These linkages is necessary in the position of non merely heightening effectual LGAs budget development but besides constitution of effectual budgetary control sytem. The challenges in implementing these mechanism for LGAs answerability is when the these bureaus fall short. ( Schaeffer and Serdar 2008 ) . Budgetary control is concerned with guaranting that existent outgo is in line with budgeted sums and that the objects and degrees of activity envisage in the budget are achieved. A important function of direction accounting is that of introducing and keeping a sound system of budgetary control. Closely connected with budgetary control is the inquiry of cost allotment, and an obvious map of direction accounting is to invent equal bing systems. Finally, it is frequently suggested that the rating of managerial public presentation in public sector organisations could be greatly improved if more services were sold instead than provided at no charge. Although the income received might non ever mensurate accurately the existent value of services provided, it might offer an approximative index of end product. Management accounting can assist non merely in finding the monetary values to be charged, but besides in seting the issues environing bear downing for services into position ( Jones and Pendlebury 2000 ) . Companies continue to drop the ball and neglect because they have flawed budgetary planning and control systems, which they seemingly fail to acknowledge. Some houses sense failing of their budgetary analysis but viewed them as single jobs instead than systematic lacks. They misdirect attempts and bring forth greater defeat. As a consequence, corporate scheme and capital allotment become misaligned and remain so, despite disapproving fiscal public presentation ( Boquist 1998 ) 2.4 Organization Performance Performance is defined in footings of effectivity ( mission fulfillment ) , efficiency, ongoing relevancy ( the extent to which the organisation adapts to altering conditions in its environment ) , and fiscal viability. The model implies that certain contextual forces drive public presentation: the capacities of an organisation, forces in its external environment and the internal motive of the organisation ( Pabari, Macpherson 2004, p. 7 ) .Performance measuring is defined as the on-going monitoring and coverage of plan achievements, peculiarly progress toward pre-established ends and aims ( United States General Accounting Office 2005 ) . Performance mensurating pattern frequently requires the usage of statically confirmation to determine advancement towards peculiar definite organisational aims. Cardinal intent behind steps is bettering public presentation. Measures that are non straight connected to better public presentation are steps that are means to accomplishing that ultimate intent ( Behn 2003 ) . There are eight managerial intents for public presentation measurings in the LGAs. Each of these purposes to reply specific inquiries to help District Executive Officer or Municipal Director or any other public directors. The eight intents are ; to measure how good the Government bureau is executing ; appraisal procedure consists of two variables ; the bureau public presentation informations and the mark that creates a skeleton for analysing the information. For the bureau to measure public presentation, it requires marks to compare its existent public presentation against past performance/from public presentation of similar bureaus or industrial criterions or political outlooks ( Behn 2003 p. 3-4 ) . The scholar identifies control as another managerial intent. Behn argues that how DED or MED or other public directors can guarantee their subsidiaries are making the right thing? Most of the directors presents do non command their subsidiary s automatically. In Tanzania, public sector introduced the system of Open Performance Review and Appraisal System ( OPRAS ) in 2004.This invention aimed at pull offing single public presentation in public sector in Tanzania. The OPRAS requires all public retainers and their directors to develop their personal aims based on strategic planning procedure and the organisation several service bringing ( Bana 2009 p. 12-13 ) . The measurings of conformities to these demands are method of control. Budget is rough tool in bettering public presentation. Poor public presentation by public sector should non needfully caused bureau failure to accomplish budget marks. Budget cut may non be the reply for bettering the public presentation. Sometime budget addition could be the reply for bettering public presentation ( Behn 2003, p.5 ) . Public directors may utilize public presentation steps to larn how to execute better ( Behn 2003, p.5 ) . Performance steps have proven to be really utile for motivational intent. This scheme requires an bureau director to give its subsidiaries a important end to accomplish which will catch their attending so measuring of advancement towards the ends provides utile feedback ( Behn 2003, p. 5 ) . General public and stakeholders suspect their Government is both inefficient and uneffective. Government bureaus to accomplish their aims and ends they need public support. Performance steps can lend to such support by edifying non merely when the Government bureaus are weakening but besides when they are making good or first-class occupation ( Behn 2003, p. 6 ) . Furthermore, by accomplishing peculiar ends, subordinates gain sense of personal achievements and dignity ( Locke and Latham 1984, 1990 ) . By carry throughing ends and aims, organisation demands to mark their achievements by jubilations. A jubilation is of import because it motivates, promotes and recruits. Celebration helps to better public presentation because it brings consciousness to the bureau, and therefore promotes it competency ( Behn 2003, p.6 ) Performance measurings help public directors to larn and measure. From public presentation measurings, public directors may larn what is non working and what is working and be able to switch bing resources to non executing activities or add new resources that become available. Learning can assist with the budgeting of both money and people ( Behn 2003, p.7 ) . In order for the organisation to mensurate what it wants to better, it foremost needs to acknowledge what it will better and develop procedures to accomplish that. Performance measurings is non an terminal to itself but must be used by directors to do betterments ( National Academy of Public Administration ( NAPA ) 1994, 22 ) . From larger metropolis council to town council, given that most council requires a balanced budget, the descending force per unit area on grosss and acclivitous force per unit area on outgos provide a challenge to council functionaries who are responsible for budgeting and budgetary control patterns. Connecting budgets to public presentation creates a farther challenge, specifically an appropriate public presentation metric. The conceptual and proficient jobs involved with valid and dependable public presentation measuring are legion. Public public presentation measurings is, in consequence, like seting on a black box, public have small apprehension of the system inside and no theory linking inputs, procedures, end products and results to edify why peculiar result occurred or to qualify what direction organisation wanted to acquire better public presentation ( Grenier 1996 ) . 2.5 Budgeting and budgetary control patterns in relation to public presentation There are many researches on the impact of budgeting and budgetary control on organisation public presentation. The impact of budgetary control in organisation public presentation has been discussed extensively. Calahan and Waymire ( 2007 ) pointed out that the bing literature suggest that budgeting and budgetary control is decidedly linked with public presentation, the figure surveies is limited, and the consequences have non been wholly converting. St. simons ( 1987 ) finds that tight budgetary is associated with public presentation for all houses in his sample except those classified as big guardians. Defenders are characterized by Miles and Snow as operating in stable industries, offering limited merchandises, and viing on the footing of cost. St. simons ( 1987 ) is unable to offer an account for why larger guardians would non reflect public presentation betterment, as measured by return on investing ( ROI ) , when tight budgetary controls are in topographic point. One would anticipate that guardians would stand to profit most from tight budgetary control, given their low cost scheme. The other categorised group of houses in the Simons ( 1987 ) survey was the prospectors. Prospector houses were characterized by Miles and Snow as viing on the footing of differentiated merchandises instead than monetary value. One would anticipate that these houses would necessitate flexibleness that would be indicated by looser control in order to advance the invention necessary to hold a successful scheme. St. simons ( 1987 ) consequences so appear to be counterintuitive, proposing the demand for extra empirical scrutiny of this subject. There are several other more of import besides surveies associating budgetary control and public presentation ( illustration Merchant 1981, Brownell and Merchant 1990, Dunk 1992, Aberthney and Brownel 1999, Davila and Foster 2005 ) . Van der Stede ( 2001 ) found that grade of budgetary control can be measured with consequences oriented attack, intending that discrepancies in grosss, outgos, and the cyberspace of grosss and outgo, can function as a step of budgetary control. However, surveies have historically had little achievement in finding the elaborate steps that lead to better public presentation ( Hirst, 1981, 1983 ; Brownell, 1982, 1985 ; Govindarajan, 1984 ; and Govindarajan and Gupta, 1985 ) . Worsening this trouble, research workers have had trouble in holding on the public presentation metric that best captures the construct of organisational public presentation ( Otley, 1994 ; Malina and Selto, 2004 ; Ittner and Larcker, 1997, 1998 ; Chenhall and Langfield-Smith, 2007 ) . After several decennaries of research in this country, we have few clear decisions ( Merchant and Otley, 2007 ) .One country in which research workers have provided some lucidity in associating direction controls to public presentation is in the country of budgeting. For illustration, Abernethy and Brownell ( 1999 ) present a theoretical theoretical account and analyze the relationship between strategic alteration, manner of budget and public presentation in a non-profit infirmary scene ( Calahan and Waymire 2007 ) . Budgetary control as proved direction tool helps organisation direction, and enhances improved public presentation of any economic system in different ways. Its primary map is to function as a usher in fiscal planning operators ; it besides establishes bounds for departmental surpluss ( Collier 2006 ) . It helps administrative functionaries to do careful analysis of all bing operations, thereby warranting spread outing, extinguishing or curtailing present pattern ( Musselman and Hughes 1981 ) . Lau and Tan ( 1998 ) argued that budgetary control positively and significantly associates with public presentation. Milani ( 1975 ) found that either merely a weak positive association between control and public presentation ) or a negative association between two variables ( Bryan and Locke 1967 ) . When speaking about weak positive association it means that, there may be proper budgeting and budgetary control but still the organisation perform poor.In LGAs, when linking budgeting and budgetary control patterns and perfomance, the weak positive correlativity occurs when there is negative correlativity between projected line point grosss and outgos and existent grosss and expenditures.LGAs outgos normally depends on grosss collected, This is due to the fact that, all LGAs are practising balanced budget which means they expend as the they receive the income. When it happens the net discrepancies is positive, it means, the budget perfomance but when there is weak correlativity between projected grosss and outgos and existent grosss and outgo. This means that, it may go on that LGAs patterns proper budgeting and effectual budgetary control but still perfom hapless due to the weak correlativity between projected marks and existent sums. However, the empirical research on informational impacts of budgetary control has, in general produced consistent consequences. Kren ( 1992 ) argued that budgetary control was associated with greater job-relevant information, which, in bend, was associated with higher occupation public presentation. Chong and Chong ( 2002 ) argued that, the act of control provides an chance for subsidiaries to garner, exchange, and circulate job-relevant information to ease their determination devising procedure, which in bend improves public presentation. Calahan and Waymire ( 2007 ) find that tight budgetary control may non be as effectual in bettering public presentation as false both in public sector and private entities. They suggest that it will be premature to reason that tight budgetary control is non related to public presentation. It can be concluded that the effectual degree of budgetary control will change based on contextual factors. They suggest that this country need extra surveies to derive better apprehension of the effects of budgetary control on public presentation. After reexamining the different literature on the constructs of budgeting and budgetary control patterns in connexion with organisation public presentation which is cardinal in to this survey, it shows that, the above surveies were chiefly conducted in developed states and most of them in merchandize concern. This explain that there really few groundss which are available in developing states like Tanzania and largely in LGAs. Therefore, it shows that farther survey demand to be conducted to analyze the connexion between soundness of budgeting and budgetary control system with LGAs public presentation. Figure 2: Conventional diagrams demoing conceptual model Effective budgeting Performance Effective budgetary control Fund allotment Independent variables Dependent variable Moderating Variables Beginning: Researcher ( 2012 ) Figure 2.5 above illustrates the relationship between the independent variables ( budgeting and budgetary control, and dependent variables LGA s public presentation ) as moderated by the moderating variables ( fund allotment ) From Figure 2.5, it is projected that proper budgeting and budgetary control will lend to the organisation public presentation. In the above scenario, organisational public presentation is dependent variable which is positively influenced by budgeting and budgetary controls which are independent variable. However, the organisation direction should do certain financess are allocated as per budget. In other words, proper allotment of fund to different undertakings and plans will heighten the organisation to execute better as the misallocation of fund will consequences to hapless budgetary control hence hapless public presentation. This allotment of fund so becomes a moderating variable. Serakan ( 1992, p.67 ) defined chairing variable is the 1 which has a strong contingent consequence on the independent variable-dependent variable relationship . Chapter THREE Research Design and Methods 3.0 Introduction This chapter focused chiefly on the research design and methods adopted during the survey. Basic processs and methods followed during the research are considered in this chapter such as research design ( subdivision 3.1 ) ; trying techniques ( subdivision 3.2 ) ; sample size selected ( subdivision 3.3 ) ; research site and population of the survey ( subdivision 3.4 ) ; informations aggregation instruments used ( subdivision 3.5 ) ; informations analysis and coverage ( subdivision 3.6 ) ; restrictions of the informations collected ( subdivision 3.7 ) ; cogency and dependability of informations collected ( subdivision 3.8 ) and moralss followed ( subdivision 3.9 ) . 3.1 Research design Chiefly, the survey was quantitative survey because it endeavours at happening and building theories that will try to set up the relationship between budgeting and budgetary control in relation to Local Government public presentation. As the survey was besides organisational based, the research worker applies instance survey method. Case survey refers to a scheme of making research which involves empirical probe of a peculiar coeval phenomenon within its existent life context utilizing multiple beginnings of grounds ( Robson 2002 ) . Case study method was used because it allows the research worker to do generalisations based on the findings on Nachingwea District Council as the instance survey Council. 3.2 Sampling techniques The research worker used convenient opinion sampling and judgemental sampling in order to obtain appropriate information. Where-by through convenient sampling, the research worker was able to obtain sample every bit rapidly as possible depending on the research inquiries and aims of the survey. While through judgemental sampling, a research worker was able to utilize opinion to choose instances that will enable to reply research inquiries ( Saunders 2003 ) .Figure 3.1 portrays the trying techniques used ; Sampling techniques Convenient trying Judgmental sampling Figure 3: Sampling techniques Beginning: Study findings ( 2012 ) 3.3 Sample size This refers to the figure of points to be selected from the existence to represent a sample ( Kothari 2008 ) . The sample size for this survey comprises of representative sample of 30 four ( 34 ) employees in entire. The research worker selected the employees who are able to supply relevant information on budgeting and budgetary control patterns in relation to public presentation to run into the aims of the survey. The distribution of the sample was as in Table 3.1 Table 3: Population of the survey Class of respondents Sample size % of sample size Sampling method Head of sections 13 38.24 Purposeful Finance section 15 44.12 Random Internal audit section 1 2.9 Purposeful Policy and planning section 2 5.9 Purposeful Community Development section 2 5.9 Purposeful Procurement and Supply section 1 2.9 Purposeful Entire 34 99.96 Beginning: Study findings ( 2012 ) 3.4 Research site and population of the survey This survey was conducted at Nachingwea District Council, which is located, in South East of Tanzania mainland and is one of the six territories organizing Lindi part. The territory lies between latitude 100-110 South of Equator and Longitude 380-390 East of Greenwich and it boarders with Ruangwa District to the North-East ; Masasi District to the South-East ; Tunduru District to the South-West and Liwale District to the North-West.Administratively, Nachingwea District is composed of 5 divisions ; 32 wards and 126 small towns with entire population of 194,418 whereby 92,347 are work forces and 102,071 are